Tools of Foreign Policy

Foreign Policy

1. Diplomacy

a. Formal contacts between nations

i. Ambassadors

1.

Formal representative of one nation to another.

2. Usually reside in the capital city of the host nation.

a. Reside in an embassy

ii. Consuls

1. R

epresent a nation in a region.

a. Trade

b. Business development

c. Affairs of nationals of their nation

b. Also through conferences and treaty negotiations.

c. Diplomatic Recognition

i. One nation recognizes the government of another nation.

1. Used to approve or disapprove of actions

d. Recalling Diplomats

i. Diplomats are recalled home to show disapproval.

1. Does not end diplomatic relations

e. Expelling diplomats

i. Depending on circumstances, one nation may kick out a diplomat. This usually brings reprisals from the other nation.

1. Can be declared persona non grata

a. Unwelcomed individual

f. Cultural & Scientific agreements

i. Exchange cultural events

1. music

2. art

3. education

a. student exchanges

g. Negotiations and treaties

i. Treaties

1. a way to end disagreements

2. Formal agreements

3. Bilateral treaties: between two nations

a. U.S. - Mexico agreement on immigration

4. Multilateral treaties: three of more nations

a. Nuclear Non-Proliferation Trety (95+ countries)

5. Cover many aspects of international relations.

h. Summits

i. Face-to-face meetings between national leaders

1. Personalities come into play.

2. Trade Relations

a. Establishing trade relations

i. Nations agree to sell to one another with conditions

ii. Can help improve relations

iii. Provide influence with another country

b. Restrictions on Trade

i. Protectionism

1. Countries use this to protect home industries against foreign competition.

a. Tariffs= tax on imports

b. Quota= limitation on quantities of imports

c. Trade Agreements

i. Allow access to other markets

1. General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)

a. Rules of trade

b. Lower tariffs

c. Reduce trade restrictions

d. Increase world-wide trade

3. Foreign Aid

a. Cash, technical support, equipment, & food.

i. Economic Aid

1. Usually used for improvements

a. Food

b. Education

c. Agriculture

d. Infrastructure

e. Social issues

ii. Military Aid

1. Training, equipment, advisement.

2. Used to support friendly governments

4. Alliances

a. Multilateral agreements between nations to protect one another

b. Support common positions on issues

i. NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization

ii. SEATO (Southeast Asia Treaty Organization)

5. International & Regional Organizations

a. Made up of nations in one area of the world

i. OAS (Organization of American States)

ii. ASEAN (Association of South East Asian Nations)

iii. OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Nations)

iv. African Union

b. International

i. Worldwide

1. United Nations

2. World Health Organization

3. World Bank

4. International Monetary Fund

6. Boycotts & Sanctions

a. Boycotts: decision to not buy some goods from another nation

b. Sanction: Actions to force another nation to obey international law or change policies.

7. Military Action

a. Show of Strength

i. Have military placed around the world.

1. Afghanistan

2. Iraq

3. Germany

4. Turkey

5. Germany

6. Spain

7. United Kingdom

8. Japan

9. Portugal

ii. Naval port visits

b. Terrorism

i. Violent or destructive attacks

1. disrupt and economy

2. weaken a government

3. achieve goals

a. Can be carried out by groups or nations