Magic Lantern Stained glass, earl slideshow popular into 1800s (Europe 1600s). Fading to black, Characterized by fading between slides, sometimes composed of ½ slides and ½ puppets, motion picture, and dissolves.

Persistence of Vision Human phenomenon that our brain uses to create motion (24 frames/sec). If it's less that 18 frames/sec, you will see the "flicker"

Thaumatrope disc in with different images on each side; when spinning, both sides of image appear to be one picture

Zoetrope holllwed out drum with strips of pictures on inside with slits to look through, acts as a looping flipbook

Praxinoscope similar to zoetrope, only now with light source, mirror, and screen to project onto.

Louis Daguerre Frenchman, mid- to late-1800s. Invented camera that took 8 hours to capture photo. Got it down to ½ hour, etching chemicals on to tin plates.

Industrial Revolution Era known for the introduction of: Modern factories, railroads, automobiles, airplanes, radio, lightbulbs. Capture film on celluloid (plastic, plyable) strips)

Edweard Muybridge Got into gentleman's argument / Leland Stanford over horse's feet when running, set up trip wires and used photos in zoetrope to prove his point

Thomas Edison A person who takes credit for "Inventing" Motion Picture in the U.S. in 1890s

W.K.L. Dickson Person working for Edison that "Invented" the Motion Picture before Edison took credit for it.

Kinetoscope Edison's motion picture camera that required electricity to operate (this means plugged in because batteries were not invented yet)

The "Black Mariah" Edison's Film Studio/Laboratory in New Jersey. Known as the 1^st studio set, characterized by its removable roof and revolving ability to face the sun for lighting.

Louis and Auguste Lumiere French Brothers. Invented Cinematographe

Cinematographe Hand-cranked motion picture camera. The device functioned as a camera, film developer, and a projector, all in one! Since no electricity was needed, the Lumiere Bros. employed and sent cinematographers all around the world, introducing motion pictures to countries all around the globe

December 28, 1895 Date of first projected screening of film.

Vaudeville Variety show, live entertainment, cheapt, wide variety of short acts, comedians, singers, dancers, dog shows, and eventually projected short films narrated by the projectionist

"cinema of attractions" side-show entertainment, the bells & whistles of the time. Focused on technology, not escapist. At no point do you feel drawn into a plot

actualities documentary-focus on everyday life, still no central plot

nickelodeons theaters with approximately 20 short films constantly rotating and changing on a daily basis

Latham loop a series of wheels used in film projection and image capture. it isolates the film from vibration and tension, preventing the film from ripping itself

Shot/reverse shot shot 1: person looking at something; shot 2: (implied) what they are looking at

The Brighton School British Film School

The "Chase Film" examples: brides chasing a groom, gypsy stealing baby and dog chasing it down

Intercutting Bouncing back and forth between shots to increase excitement; successive shots get shorter.

Film D'Art French film company, feature length films, novel adaptations, stage actresses, etc.

World War I This event slows film production significantly in Europe, U.S. Film continues to surge, causing the U.S. to pass Europe in filmmaking with higher proficiency

Luis Buñuel Director of Un Chien Andalou; Spanish-born filmmaker and naturalized Mexican who worked mainly in Mexico and France, but also in his native Spain and in the United States. He is considered one of Mexico's finest directors, and one of the most important directors in the history of cinema.

agit-prop trains (Agitation and Propaganda) send projectors and propaganda documentaries, to show the glorious cause, present a very one-sided, but inspirational at the same time, create a sense of shared cause. Some of the earliest soviet film

Constructivism The idea that art should serve a social function. If it does not, then it is not good art. Artists see themselves as brute laborers, part of the common working class, and saw their artwork as a machine; often emphasized the tools.

Dziga Vertov Soviet revolutionary constructivist. He was born Denis Kaufman, but his other name means spinning top. His name reflects how he can construe things and make connections, similarities between humans and machines and how machines are like human beings, he is saying "I am an object." Utilized Musique Concrete - music with mechanistic sound effects to reflect the times

Moves from composer to AGIT-PROP TRAINS. Inventor of the "kino-eye"

Kino-eye Vertov's theory that the camera lens, due to its recording abilities, was superior to the human eye. This is demonstrated by slow motion, backwards play, split screen, etc. all visual editing tricks fall into this category

Montage an approach to editing developed by the Soviet filmmakers of the 1920s. The Soviet ______________ emphasizes dynamic, often discontinuous, relationships between shots.

Lev Kuleshov Director of The Man With The Movie Camera. taught at and helped establish the world's first film school (the Moscow Film School). Creator of the Kuleshov effect

Kuleshov effect - Through editing, you can put shots together in different ways to convey meanings not apparent in the shots by themselves. In this now-famous editing exercise, shots of an actor were intercut with various meaningful images (a casket, a bowl of soup, and so on) in order to show how editing changes viewers' interpretations of images.

Vsevolod Pudovkin Russian director, created linkage.

Linkage A+B=C whats similar from shot A to shot B to arrive at the meaning C

Ex. The lions in Odessa

Sergei Eisenstein Russian director of Odessa,, created collision

Collision A<>B=C the relationship created when to completely different shots A and B create the meaning C through mental work. Dialectics (thesis/antithesis/synthesis) point counterpoint to create synthesis C

Typage One person is archetypal piece of group; close to stereotyping, casting someone who will characterize a specific group of people

Avant-garde starts to develop in 1920s, term to describe experimental artists or film makers, raw, bad, breaks the rules, not a profit-concerned business, it is strictly an expressionist piece of art

Cine-clubs little societies, enthusiasts of cinema, movie clubs, focus on a director or style and discuss it; creates an atmosphere for people to start expanding and figuring out what you can do with film

Photogenie Either something that is so shocking you have to look at it, or how beautiful of stunning one it in lending itself towards the camera; using visuals to communicate other senses or mental states

Subjectivity camera imitates what actor on screen in seeing or experiencing, usually through use of shot/reverse shot.

CINEMA PUR Often abstract; Forms "in motion or time;" Visual equivalent to music

Dadaism International--Not specific to any country; Anarchistic impulse; If it does not cause a riot then it is a failure; Trying to create chaos, not just question but destroy all traditions, bring everything down; Make fun of the art movement by making it gibberish; "The Lost Generation" - flapper generation, not believing in the old antiquated stuff; questioning, shaking up preconceptions about the world, look at it differently; working in multiple media (collage)

Collage working in multiple media

Fernand Léger French painter, sculptor, and filmmaker; directed Ballet Mechanique

Surrealism a cultural movement that began in the early-1920s, and is best known for the visual artworks and writings of the group members. Works feature the element of surprise, unexpected juxtapositions. developed out of the Dada activities of World War Ivand the most important center of the movement was Paris. From the 1920s on, the movement spread around the globe, eventually affecting the visual arts, literature, film, and music, of many countries and languages, as well as political thought and practice, and philosophy and social theory.

l'amour fou bad/ evil love, men who treat women badly and the women who love them for it

VERVertical Integration Controlling ALL aspects of all 3 parts of Film Industry : Production- Hollywood, self explanatory;Distribution - Shipping around the globe ;Exhibition-theaters. Because of this, it was very hard for foreign films to get into the United States

Pathe' - French film company that fist vertically integrated in the film industry

Nikkatsu Japanese studio in 1930s

Shochicko Japanese studio in 1930s

Toho Japanese studio in 1930s

benshi typical sound for a Japanese film, a story teller, a narrator standing by the screen, employed by theater owner, like a deejay - people go to a specific theater to hear their favorite one of these, delayed the movement to film with sound because fought to keep their jobs

Jidai-geki films from the past, costumes and makeup

Chambara Samurai films

Gendai-Geki Modern day, dramatic, comedy, romance

YASUJIRO OZU Directed Exclusively for Shochiko; 1 of last directors to move to sound; Multiple genres; Editing over camera movement; Breaking the 180-degree line - looking straight into camera from each character's perspective; Low camera angles, imitating the Japanese perspective of sitting on ground

"Pillow Shots" pillow books - small collection of haikus, poems, woodblocks, sayings, mantras to help you move into a relaxed state of mind, generally set by the bed on a pillow or something. These shots are used as art to bring the viewer into a zen-like state. Instead of going into the next scene, you may have a few landscape shots, close-ups of teapots, bird cages, to slow the pace of the movie down, 10 seconds or something to stop everything. Formulated by Yasujiro Ozu

KENJI MIZOGUCHI Starts at Nikkatsu, but goes free-lance; Emphasis on melodrama; Dedramatization; Long takes, leisurely pace; Distanced camera, deep focus; close-ups happen rarely, and when it happens you notice it. Camera movement

1939 Motion Picture Law of Japan not critiquing Japanese culture, all films must be approved before they can be shown in theaters, cannot criticize the government

Daiei Japanese Movie Studio b. 1942

*****Supreme Comander of Allied Powers (SCAP)

Soyuzkino Centralizing industry: Collapse all companies into one studio/ company, (Soviet Cinema) all in one easiest to control, government appoints who is in charge of company, like NASA. Boris Shumyatskyappointed in charge; he was not into film but in Good standing with Stalin. Older style Increasingly frowned upon, demonizing that type of experimentation, more of a peasant-friendly cinema

Narodnost "people-cenrtic-ness"-glorifying the average person, not about special people or better people, glorifying normality

Partiinost "party-centric-ness;" making movies that directly seem to uphold the ideas of the communists' party. Here's what we told you to think, go along with it, don't question it. Audience to blindly follow

Socialist Realism Russian Style: Common people, not historical figures, set in historical itmes (civil war); Similar in formal qualities to Classical Hollywood Cinema; Strong protagonist; Glories of labor

ENIC (National Film Industry Office) (1935) Branch of Italian government that oversees the industry, but the companies do not have to give their scripts to country for approval, more like a godparent to help industry thrive

Bianco e Nero film journal about Italian cinema, still exists as a film journal today

Cinecitta Italian National Storage for wardrobe and props and everything, warehoused on a lot, built for any film company to rent the space, any independent company could use it, finished in 1937, immediately used by people, about ½ of all Italian movies between opening and end of WWII are made in and around this place. During the war it was bombed, then reopened in later 1940s. Still used very much to this day, in all sorts of movies (shows up in credits) (Italian for "Film City")

"White telephone films" Italian film style prevalent before and during WWII; upper-class melodramas, romances, tear-jerker's women's films, usually about the rich enjoying life, and watching their love lives unfold, inevitably, in the woman's room, there's always this white princess phone, usually next to the bed, that became such a powerful symbol for the type of film.

Alfieri Law of 1938 encourages filmmakers to make films, and the government gives you money based on how much money your last film made. So there was a push to make escapist, fluffy films, and not politically conscious films

Calligraphism not a genre, but a style that carries across, decorative writing, how the letters look, not what they're actually writing, so it is with Italian films. Over-obsessed with the detail, but totally divorced from reality

Josef Goebbels German Minister of Propaganda - as such Goebbels oversees all mass media and art and culture and radio and books and music - the film industry gets hit, but not as hard as others, still need approval but after they are already made, unlike other medias where you must get approval before beginning the project

*****Filmkreditbank

*****Ufa

*****Ufi

Jud Suss (1940) The infamous German movie adaptation made in 1940 by Veit Harlan under the supervision of Joseph Goebbels is a justification of anti-Semitism and is considered one of the most hateful depictions of Jews on film.

Leni Riefenstahl Female director of Triumph of the Will; Aesteticizing politics; Emphasis on the natural athletic body

NEOREALISM new realism, most important type of film being made in Italy in late 40s-50s, very different from Hollywood, Long takes - let camera roll, like real time passing by, not breaking up reality or forcing anything, reaction against propaganda editing; Long shots - camera farther back, being on location allows you to see more of everything, see the context; Deep focus - everything in focus, mimics human eye's focus, works towards humanism in terms of not leaving anyone out of focus, everybody's equally important, gives audience greater latitude to interpret freely; Location shooting - filmed in the streets; "Real people" - not dealing with stars, not that there aren't professional actors involved, there's no overemphasis on makeup or costuming, but there are a lot of nonprofessional actors; "Realist narrative": Random chance of radical shifts in tone - very consciously tries to make the story like real life, nothing is planted ahead of time, lack of the cause and effect organization, random stuff happens all the time to everybody and anybody; see people doing laundry or going to the bathroom; housekeeper making coffee, here's how life really is, we need to pay attention to this; Lack of total resolution - loose ends left unresolved, keeps dribbling on, no the end sign or segue of music, lots of loose plot ends; tied to social issues - leaving things unsolved and open then its saying "this problem is not solved we need to do something about it"

Deep focus everything in focus, mimics human eye's focus, works towards humanism in terms of not leaving anyone out of focus, everybody's equally important, gives audience greater latitude to interpret freely

Temps morts dead time -in Hollywood you cut to the chase. Don't see people doing laundry or going to the bathroom; neorealism puts this stuff back in, housekeeper making coffee, here's how life really is, we need to pay attention to this

Andreotti Law (1949) Law trying to support the Italian film industry. Theaters had to screen Italian films 80 days/yr. for each imported film, distributor had to pay fee to government; Establishment of government loan program to filmmakers - had to submit the ideas of their films or a script etc. to government so neorealist films can't get loans. New rules of export license of Italian films - Allows them to deny certain films an export license

"Rosy neorealism" light comedies that contain stylistic elements of the neorealists' style, but things usually turn out alright, not as dire as classic NR films

Federico Fellini Italian director, moving from social issues to emotional and psychological themes

Roberto Rossellini Italain neorealist Director of Open City (1945)

Open City (1945) Italian movie filmed during actual fighting in war time, people don't even know they're being filmed, almost a documentary or newsreel to audiences, global success

Vittorio de Sica directed film we will watch, a slice of life off of the street, made a career for himself as a movie star before coming a director; a matinee idol in the 1930s, specialized in playing romantic characters in white telephone films, thin mustache type

Lucino Visconti started as a theater director, made his way to film later, people argue that he is the father of neorealism because of his film Obsesion. Mussolini did not like his film because of it's portrayal of Italians, so his film was not successful

Cesare Zavattini director/writer; its important to stop and look at the ordinary situations and makes it a spectacle. Not documentary, fictional films. Production emphasizes and enhances the reality of the situations

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